![]() ![]() planners can prepare for unanticipated scenarios while working with allies and partners in mitigating potential adverse impacts. Though the United States lacks the capacity to prevent these drills, U.S. ![]() The drills have become an important tool for the institutionalization of Sino-Russian defense ties without establishment of a formal alliance. ![]() They have aimed to improve both forces’ capabilities, enhance interoperability, encourage defense industrial collaboration, send signals to third parties, and promote mutual reassurance and confidence building. Unlike the Russian arms sales to China-which have experienced abrupt ups and downs-or their unremarkable defense dialogues, these exercises have remained a prominent and recurring feature of the Sino-Russian defense partnership for more than a decade. Recent years have also seen joint aviation patrols in the Asia-Pacific region, Chinese participation in Russia’s annual strategic exercises, and command post exercises simulating combined missile defense tasks. These have included a long-standing series of land drills and, somewhat later, novel maritime maneuvers. Since the mid-2000s, China and Russia have conducted an increasingly frequent number and more diverse range of Sino-Russian bilateral and multilateral military exercises. The Chinese and Russian armed forces have become each other’s most important foreign exercise partner. This paper reviews the evolving Chinese-Russian military exercises, assesses their purposes and results, forecasts their future evolution, and evaluates the policy implications for U.S. ![]()
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